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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOF`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? SlYq 3fI3f3f3fh3f3f3fV3f3f+  3f  3f  3f   3fx  3f  3f 3f3f,3f3f3f3fV:Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f<TEMP#Durchgngiges Programmiermodell! b!  !3f3f3f  3f$v  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@t? " 33d@33 @`  n?" dd@   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PR    @ ` ` p>  >  0 8 0  " (   f  0A?"c:`  s *B"2`  s *M"  68{ `  e-Klicken Sie, um das Titelformat zu bearbeiten..8  0{ P0 { pKlicken Sie, um die Formate des Vorlagentextes zu bearbeiten Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene Vierte Ebene Fnfte Ebene=    q`B  s *D>"`  0h{"` pModel Driven Development & MDA (2 .  0( {"F `i n g e n i e u r b r o f r s o f t w a r e t e c h n o l o g i e www.voelter.de.a 2R  a  0{"M~ f 2003 Markus Vlter (2 ! 0T{"8^  Q. 2  " 6${  ">= { z - * -.  B  s *޽h ? ̙33 Vorlage0 <( @J@   0|P 9   T*   0$ M i9  V* d  c $ ?P  8  0Hb  09  pKlicken Sie, um die Formate des Vorlagentextes zu bearbeiten Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene Vierte Ebene Fnfte Ebene=    q  6 g 4m   T*   6df 4M im  V* H  0e ? ̙33H (    0 9   Z* 3f  0 M i9  \* 3f  6 4m   Z* 3f  6 4M im  \* 3fH  0e ? ̙33*  0 R(     6(   L Model Driven Development in the context of OMG s MDA Markus Vlter voelter@acm.org www.voelter.de h:3f<BBBBBB,B BB~@`  s *M"H  0޽h ? ̙33  @6(  ~  s *8 `   x  c $ 0   H  0޽h ? ̙33  P6(  ~  s *x/ `   x  c $ 0   H  0޽h ? ̙33  `L6(  L~ L s *@ `   x L c $ p0 `  H L 0޽h ? ̙33  p6(  ~  s * `   x  c $% p0 `  H  0޽h ? ̙33  6(  ~  s *\$ `   x  c $ p0 `  H  0޽h ? ̙33   H(  H~ H s * `   x H c $1 p0 `  r H 6A! ?` H H 0޽h ? ̙33  6(  ~  s *X `   x  c $ p0 `  H  0޽h ? ̙33&  N(  ~  s * `     <@  p0 `  H  0޽h ? ̙33&  N(  ~  s *@+ `     <+  p0 `  H  0޽h ? ̙33l  (  ~  s *3 `   x  <A ?? 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOF`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t v w x y z { | }  feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOFc More UML MOF dMore UML MOF II`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3feMetamodelling Examplef"Metamodelling Example: An instance#g"Another Metamodel (Simple Version)#3fh$Another Metamodel (Advanced Version)%3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOFc More UML MOF dMore UML MOF II`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3feMetamodelling Examplef"Metamodelling Example: An instance#g"Another Metamodel (Simple Version)#3fh$Another Metamodel (Advanced Version)%3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we                         ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | ~  use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOFc More UML MOF dMore UML MOF II`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3feMetamodelling Examplef"Metamodelling Example: An instance#g"Another Metamodel (Simple Version)#3fh$Another Metamodel (Advanced Version)%3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UM                          ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | ~  L). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fjModel Verification Example  3fk'Additional Tests: Model Verification II(;This template is used to generate IDL code from the model: 0; ;3f3f<l(Additional Tests: Model Verification III)IMetaclass used in the generator, this has model verification code in it: JI *3f3f3f3fJN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? SlYq 3fI3f3f3fh3f3f3fV3f3f+  3f  3f  3f   3fx  3f  3f 3f3f,3f3f3f3fV:Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f<TEMP#Durchgngiges Programmiermodell! b!  !3f3f3f  3f$ ;w +#0l(  l~ l s * `   x l c $>j p0   X l 0A,?R` l 0$k p` 'Again the metamodel introduced before: N'{ 33z 33'3f 3f(H l 0޽h ? ̙33  ,$@p(  p~ p s *@ `   x p c $ p  ) p s *Dj   DEFINE Root FOR TENAInterface IF isInPackage package Package.Name { ENDIF interface Name IF hasSuperClass: FOREACH Generalization.SuperClass AS sc EXPAND USING SEPARATOR ", " sc.Name ENDFOREACH ENDIF { EXPAND Operation::Declaration FOREACH Operation USING SEPARATOR "\n" }; IF isInPackage }; ENDIF ENDDEFINE 2M p s *-`@  // generated code package omtest { interface Controllable { TENA_string initialize( ); TENA_string start( ); TENA_string stop( ); }; }; 2H p 0޽h ? ̙337  Pt_(  t~ t s *S `   x t c $ p  ! t s *xd`H {public class TENAInterface xtends Class { [...} public String CheckConstraints() throws DesignException { Checks.ensure( this, Checks.containsOnlyNElements( Attribute, 0, Messages.INTERFACE_NO_ATTRIBUTES ) ); Checks.ensure( this, Checks.containsOnlySpecificRealizationTypes( this, TENAInterface.class, Messages. INTERFACE_NOT_IMPLEMENT_INTERFACES ) ); Checks.ensure( this, Checks.containsOnlySpecificSuperClassTypes( this, TENAInterface.class, Messages. INTERFACE_EXTEND_OTHER_INTERFACES ) ); Checks.ensure( this, Checks.notContainsSpecificOperationTypes( this, TENALocalOperation.class, Messages. INTERFACE_NO_LOCAL_OPERATIONS ) ); return super.CheckConstraints(); } }| 2||H t 0޽h ? ̙33!hx} \T3]7wy]CaE1  !p_PKmP,̺e7Kд{afVEM ,*)rsv #u393o 8{grÁv)[ypQ_UEйg,.X\aq '/,Xc=O',XzaQbQa ,}% K?,` ,X"D٥. XPLw?|p%ңVqr={_ˆ}J AίJ޹sy~<.1f=qBȁﻛ{m~VT\90i]߭ &Mu:;8zUڧHӔĕ}粳M#;N_uʕgX>m¸9f˜ՠN0eİjՄss[ ًrgD qϳɭ-{^T|:Oda/ۊ`quk?3]՗ymg œW06DpOR{W X~J;qܨxk}lORZ"\lN~Sgm)Ǎb D\ g?08U¸A& XRW͆EǶx.Z-:iO}lC6ͦ=w=l5L:͌u}lf )cԎ8 !b b$9".Åa8vycP!Luv:x;(f=Az[V1 j =aHpzuѷ݂2N_LUr݂M `zR_fWIUp-TZ8 K{JUNvEn\]$>$ko|(ԫδ'-C;c;cYX²׷xlV]~j7T`O yO6T0¢<b[Ro"Xw) -{kp2NvϹS[:語zizK Ǿx1L xOØ͜?Y_U_%pl~їNbII0;S%0&pw{櫿7A_=m'YBG"J?#/NBH)~So2)ƑEMILRݞ?J (! 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOFc More UML MOF dMore UML MOF II`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3feMetamodelling Examplef"Metamodelling Example: An instance#g"Another Metamodel (Simple Version)#3fh$Another Metamodel (Advanced Version)%3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f                          ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y z { | } ~  3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fjModel Verification Example  3fk'Additional Tests: Model Verification II(;This template is used to generate IDL code from the model: 0; ;3f3f<l(Additional Tests: Model Verification III)IMetaclass used in the generator, this has model verification code in it: JI *3f3f3f3fJN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? SlYq 3fI3f3f3fh3f3f3fV3f3f+  3f  3f  3f   3fx  3f  3f 3f3f,3f3f3f3fVm$Agility and Model Driven Development%^Metamodels, Generators and MDD infrastructure can be iteratively and incrementally developed during the project. Agility considers code and testing very important. MDD simplifies testing and quickly, very quickly creates running code from models. The engineering, creative process that uses an agile approach is not used during the development of the products, but during the development of metamodels, generators and the production infrastructure (as with vehicle mass production). And by the way: You can also use an agile approach with 3GL compilers J ~qH .3f/3f3f3f73f3f 3f"3f 3f3f3f3fP3fW3f#3f3fF  3f 3f  3f3f3f0:Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f<TEMP#Durchgngiges Programmiermodell! b!  !3f3f3f  3f$ ;t `x6(  x~ x s *$a` `  ` x x c $b` p0  ` H x 0޽h ? ̙33&!hx] XT{ qAP@QBhe (2p=+2 Nec%h=afvIp33K,{fkuַn{/XZr1ԍprAXMF!,x0.p'`{ #Llr0vd=_:'iOBx5Goa6'ƭŔcG { {+pK鿂p\Ja\ Fx,iB|\X LwpԊHnGSM:r^ySQ 3 03Ir?쳙Ѩ~]KQ$c-,ދH爸 e D;Î3AE0Y!˾f!lFl%qǀriBmȕt 80u56ǃ}HY(S'2vxCe(޷OY҃Wsp:,zB&\tSPB:S .D6RZ )^/GgebyV_k:nN ݤR5.=%=6Pp p/9#:I xCW2$6쉁_oOlG\%TSN'3 ̞XܞF,588~kw-M.q/X}?d&stc t'dd<d۽9XJp"ԺgYNn>N'R:6aفx?U܆TzwNj\m[ XyT.|BX.=đ m%vKB;K[ `ߥ74c` a6žÈ9=vmMUqO27Q,O0ȕMS'pu:Hp>.8 dH$h@aa+{ag[q[qݿ um )>RJ\j+)>5E +s7Q"H,qN[maN8N<7Kwǘ'pJB+e -8+_A /w8B(ſM+)~*(>[%W~;ůDjo\8W}_C?)(u|9ϡTxO1+ϧtK2?\jobϤx {Qп9 '>2#D]++}#`c*Ak`<Fgaw'}F*~aߛE2ކ-sϋ_"{{ bl1#N`ocĞᬤ}eɌjwS8׾ls.}yESs o,~mG^1L%;YG jqNAx[mEhavn~zxanAɼy 0 x1$럻85.jsėQ⤼y ]˛}BI/sw [YKK))kt5zys XCpACobmt^bzz Qum﷫13qͷM;_rwG:^}HA}wl~~vAa~ v<|~D̓`?8g3;|*M'X"TIFvDYK!Xx$b"M f  s` t_17tA*|T'D oTt%`g%"V-+&X&4"X'b9DEHX~~|o跕跕跕跕U1XB t;3ol%LGJD m'j XkD+N'l cEl+bCTE#)F>dD'X:LFHĪm$X12 !@m"ڲcK:KVI#k"XW$bAmv%ݸF߆.FWx<7wBzVЫ0;TXqƩN"n-/8}$}kMᵉB76r,Nbt qcoR9奷3!l#ʏk^lb.4$oaqCMdŦ4 JypرceذaC(4~4;v, 88)w+f\M/>5ZQ&Ge*A=(?|I"acXy< Äٹ}tcL\ʩ+ļ>ԏc{f[3-ZjyN&uCC`ܸ~#:)_7Z"`LEgruq5f4Zvy= Px-ç2- ]yk33axm وd1utm*E44`q7h[=T!2*BL|0(}/E0]Ϯu[Ϧ[^zVs_eyxNjZІcftxrf:sWCTe܇-U4/Fޔ_h9)X9k2i{Vctb:IƧ _O.=pߗ\jlO+N{Y+`"Ҽ~@|o`|N3bJAmO;E3*c/R?Ӡ4`ۉ 9okN̨LL} Fa@ @Fb`u];MAO0 ^ /惾ׯ5haҊG仡nU3n2$~AlWƝ]`MVk%hL;k5}dbf{GM^t`}Ln,)}:~G!L c 3 4&^yeOxNߕOY)ϗhzy{W}r <4ghŸeoVkLC̩_~ThVBPe<ɭDڳjO.섽SWͩZRU^<Pɪ U7j{՜XU;vU s㵵ٽ.עzzU?>Vo~^fS;}umc8'wFƃ*vT Ic9ޓuVwLԍ%O> tCsϭn䰴#H5r}ՒƲG}Eze̘ӀJ/!f%Įˀ^ÝOdc %ARJeah'C&UhӋ>7Q÷2 p|e*30;QYhTg/2sӨ207ZVEx496-)-;m J`Uii iHܺZ$@}z~^Vаe^pVU3YPSpd [ >0$Ʌ}/ #o3SW7<~ʜqƀ1r7w#c7匃m;MSL L+LǙ3}jtل**Խ*U4o}1X^B֊+5f{߸G7UJ^31כ^U]">5K֙-G讽KʼSv<,sp[p;gGWR?2R[ss=֣Iڄn9ha9u.6ݧa$3H>x?Nݬ[Ϸsںb 9CnBmfIX]g0+!ì=hSxe 4'嫺6DZ^}%QQG~R?c@⽋~x[>ylBf11~ȿWx8_ų`y_0yl1ֳe37yYVTgmѾ&+V=pAX~x欜m߲|!:OYÉCR fPT'T;TTG.;Z˴='JQ~[Lu [Wр/VgRO5kOd. 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N 2$0k!(L 2$d]jҔ4؍ #2$0~̙=+QM-2$'.*m;rhO F32$8ćᵅ^  >b$P+<23T3LkI2$nbQk'>^4 m2$dufg>̒ys$2$;%|75ùh~+?@c $ 3ff33B@, g4KdKdv 0pzppp@ g4=d=dv 0pRp6 p5<4dddd` 0,<42d2d` 0,`Iʚ;FT4ʚ;<4dddd{ 0:2___PPT9/ 0?+ TestO =YjR0|Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f1}Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f MDD defined :Model Driven Development (MDD) means developing executable software from higher-level models. A Model in this context is defined to be some specification that cannot be directly executed on current mainstream platforms (such as Java, .NET, Intel x86, ...). Models can be graphical (e.g. UML, Aris) or they can be textual (typically called DSLs, or Domain-Specific Languages). Code, on the other side, is directly executable artifacts on current platforms. Thus, the definition of what is a model and what is code is always relative to current mainstream platforms. l_wPn%3f73f3f3f3f3f3f63fG3fw3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f43f3f3f;4How to execute models Executing models can happen in different ways: Models can be interpreted by a  model-VM . Dirk Riehle s UML virtual machine is an example. Typically, however, models are compiled into lower-level models or code, which is then executed (compiled or interpreted). /3f3f3f3f 3fb3f3fU3f5Abstraction and ConcretizationlTo make model-driven development worthwhile, models must provide some higher level of abstraction over the platform on which they are executed. This higher-level of abstraction is typically achieved by using domain-specific abstractions in the models. UML models which show a box for each and every implementation class might be useful, but this is not an example of model-driven development. These higher-level models are then typically transformed to more concrete models (and/or finally, code). This can happen in a single step or in multiple steps. The rules for such transformations must be specified somewhere. kx-3f53f.3f.3f/3f3f3f  3f  3f  3f$  3f  3f3f 3f3f13f 3fmT'Abstraction and Concretization: Example(3f6Reasons for using MDD`You want to provide a way for your domain-experts to formally specify their knowledge, and technology people define how this is implemented (using model transformations). You might want to provide different implementations (i.e. more concrete models) for the same model, perhaps because you want to run it on different platforms (.NET, Java, CORBA). In general, you don t want to bother with implementation details when specifying you functionality. MDD results in a fan-out, i.e. one set of models can be the source for transformations to several targets. Fdk#3f23fV3f3f3f3f3f3fQ3f3f3f13f#3f3f  3f  3fS  3f3f1=Software System FamiliesTypically, MDD makes most sense in the context of software system families because developing modeling environments, generators, translators, etc. can be a lot of work and it pays only if reused. What is a software system familiy? We consider a set of programs to constitute a family whenever it is worthwhile to study programs from the set by first studying the common properties of the set and then determining the special properties of the individual family members. Definition by Parnas $623f3fz3f3f 3f3f3f3f3fT3f$3f3fJ3f  3f3f3f3f3f>%Examples for Software System Families&A set of projects in the same domain (banking, telecom switching, automotive diagnosis). You might be able to generate recurring business logic from models. A set of artifacts based on the same infrastucture (such as EJB) in one project. Here, you might be able to to generate all the infrastructure-specific code around manually implemented business logic. you have some specific business logic that you want to run on different platforms. You might be able to generate platform-specific implementation code from the models (this is the focus of MDA) a set of artifacts based on the same modelling paradigm, such as state chart. You might be able to generate the complete implementation based on the model and its predefined mapping to lower-level implementations.ZDRxToO3f"3f63fD3f 3f  3f)  3f  3fx3f 3f3fF3fo3f  3f $$3f.$$3f$$3f((3f7Generative Programming:Generative Programming and MDDThe Problem Space in GP maps to the models in MDD. The Configuration Knowledge, as well as its production plan can be considered the translation from the model to code, or another model. The solution space contains the building blocks that are assembled to products, based on the specifications (or models) in the problem space and the config knowledge. This points at an important point: For MDD and GP to be successfully used, the target platform has to have a well-defined architecture with well-defined building blocks, interactions and semantics. This can be The syntax and grammar of a programming language An enterprise platform such as EJB or .NET Domain-specific artifacts such as reusable components, VMs, rule interpreters, ...3f 3f&3f3fn3f3f3f3f 3f3fx3f3fm3f3fK3f  3f;The Role of ArchitectureAs mentioned, to use MDD efficiently, you need a well-defined (family) architecture. A mature, reused architecture is also termed an architectural style (just as in historic building architecture). Such a style consists of typical building blocks, their interactions, and semantics. There are several well-known architectural styles (see next slide) An architectural style can be generic (see next slides), it can be domain-specific or specific to a software system family A formal description of an architectural style is typically given in the form of a metamodel ( syntax and  grammar for the architecture) Architectural styles have also been described as architectural patterns, eg. in the POSA book.U13f$3f3f3f3f3f3fO3f23f3f 3f'3f03f3f3f3f3f%3f3f3f?3f 3f`3f3f3f?#A selection of architectural styles$8Reasonable Modelling ConceptsTo specify models (graphical or textual) we need a suitable specification format. The specification language must fit the architectural style  it must be able to represent it! Textual specification are typically called Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). It is defined by a syntax and a grammar. Graphical specifications are typically called a model. The set of legal models is defined by a metamodel. The UML can be one format for graphical specifications. However, it needs to be adapted to become a domain-specific modeling language for a specific architectural style. UML has some means to be extended (e.g. stereotypes) UML 2.0 will provide a reasonable extension concept based on metamodeling (MOF).  ,3f&3f3f83f#3f3f3f3f13f3fG3f 3f3f3f  3f  3f+  3f  3fS  3f3f3f3f33f3f3f3fYModelling Concepts: Example ROOM: n 3f3f3f3f3f 2~Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fBMDA Definition by the OMGMDA provides an open, vendor-neutral approach to the challenge of interoperability, building upon and leveraging the value of OMG's established modeling standards: Unified modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF) and Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM). Platform-independent Application descriptions built using these modeling standards can be realized using any major open or proprietary platform, including CORBA, Java .NET XMI/XML and Web-based platforms.d3 3fE3f3f 3f3f'3fd3f 3f33f<3f 3f33fC'The Problem of Middleware Proliferation(Unfortunately J, not everybody is using OMG middleware standards. Intead a lot of different middleware platforms are used today: CORBA, COM, DCOM, MTS/COM+, RMI, EJB, CCM, MoM, MQSeries, JMS, HTTP, XML, SOAP Most of these middlewares provide common services such as: transactions, security, persistence, directory, event handling, load balancing, failover. It has shown to be unrealistic to standardize on a single middleware platform; within an organization, and over time. The goal is thus to enable platform-independent applications by separating business models from their technical realization. jw~3f;3f'3f`3f3f"3f3fc3f3f"3f,3f)3f3f3f"3f3f;3f3f3f]D Models in MDA*As the M in MDA suggests, models are the central concept of MDA. As in MDD in general, a model is a representation of a part of the function, structure and/or behavior of a system, and it must be formal so that it can be interpreted unambiguously by tools. In contrast to MDD in general, MDA models have to be built using the OMG s Meta Object Facility (MOF). According to OMG, models can be source code (a model that can be executed by a machine) A set of IDL interfaces (a model that can be used with any CORBA implementation) A UML-based specification (a model whose properties can be expressed graphically via diagrams, or textually via an XML document.xXg  3f&3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f"3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f3f:3f3fg3f3fFModel TransformationsThe creation of an executable system from models is achieved by a series of model transformations, the target model being more specific (more concrete) with respect to a specific platform. The MDA defines the following two kinds of models: PIMs, platform-independent models are models that are not yet specific to a certain platform PSMs, plarform-specific models are models that are specific to a platform. Note that the terms PIM and PSM are not absolute, they are always with respect to a certain platform. A model can be both a PSM and a PIM at the same time, but with respect to different platforms E.g. a model can be a PSM with regards to the J2EE platform, but a PIM with regards to the specific app server.<3gB3f3f\3f3f3f3f"3f;3f3f,3f  3f3f3f 3f,3f3f%3f3fHMDA and Architectural StylesAs explained before, a well-defined architecture, an architectural style, is of primary importance if efficient MDD should be implemented. This is also recognized by the MDA. MDA defines a set of Core Models for different domains. Core models are currently known by the name of UML profiles. They serve as a common metamodel for all systems in the particular domain. There are core models for Enterprise Computing, Real Time Computing, ... They leverage UML, MOF, CWM, ...B90!3fN3fM3f3f3f 3f3f/3f 3f3f3f*3f  3f3f03f3f!3fIMDA and Architectural Styles II 0Core models are real PIMs, in that they are independent of any particular implementation platform. They only capture the business logic  the problem space in terms of GP. A series of model transformations is then applied to concretize the model for specific platforms. Mapping rules (as covered later) are part of the core model definition  they operate on the metamodel defined by the core model.f3f 3f3f53f-3f3f3f3f 3f3fC3f3f,{Profiles (as of 12/02)&Domain Profiles EDOC (Final Adopted) EAI (Final Adopted) Schedulability, Performance and Time (Final Adopted) Testing (Revised Initial Submission) Technical Profiles CORBA (v1.0) EJB (Public Draft: JSR #26) JAVA (s. EDOC) .NET(open) WebServices (open) Mappings: EDOC->? (open) EAI-> ? (open) V 3f3f3f  3fV3f3f 3f3f3f'J Traceability There is one very important concept in addition to metamodels, PIMs, PSMs and their mappings: traceability. The idea is to link artifacts in different models that denote the same thing but in different levels of abstraction Example: Analysis class business Entity EJB implementation class, set of classes (remote interface, home, etc.) plus deployment descritors this set of classes tuned to a specific appserver A typical relationship is  refines Consequences: You can see the history of an artifact All the models at the different stages can be kept in sync, keeping their different levels of abstraction A change in one model can be propagated to the other models, if rules for such propagations exist.lt^3f 3f3f3f3f#3f3f23f3f3f3f3f3f3fJ3f23f 3f 3f3f 3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f13f3f3f3f(3fLTraceability IIUML Packages play a central role in MDA. Packages can be a refinement (mapping) of each other: Packages can contain the same information seen from different viewpoints: X 3f13f3f,3f/3f3fM Repositories "To realize the concept of traceability, a powerful repository infrastructure needs to be established that stores the different packages with their viewpoints. To make a repository feasible, a common metamodel for the different models is necessary. The repository will be implemented in terms of the metamodel. In MDA, this metamodel is obviously the MOF. This allows vendor-independent model exchange on the basis of the MOF, provided that The MOF and its streaming format XMI is unambiguous and completely defined The metamodel is powerful enough to accomodate for all practically relevant uses The models are formally implemented in terms of the MOF Vendors stick to the standard, and don t try to add stuff. Currently, all of this is not yet the case, but UML 2.0 promises help. ZZZZUZZHZ(3f%3fR3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f!3f(3f(3f#3f3f3f53f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fP"Software System Families revisited#Developing an MDD infrastructure  however simple or sophisticated it may be  is always additional effort. Such an infrastructure can include A clearly defined system archtecture Modelling abstractions, metamodels and pofiles Model verifiers and design checkers Reusable components and composition rules, frameworks and libraries Generators and/or model interpreters You only want to do this if this additional effort pays off! Like with mass production, the amount of effort you put into the infrastructure must be less than the amount of effort you save when developing the products. Rm#=3f3f93f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f  3f  3f$  3f3f3f13f3f(3f3fPQEconomies of ScaleAs a consequence, this basically means: The more products you develop with your infrastructure, the better. However, there is a big difference to traditional mass-production. You don t want to create many identical products (because you do this by copying the CD!). Instead, you want to develop similar products in the context of a software system family. An informed decision to use use MDD based on a software system family can only be made if you know your domain very well  you need a  mature domain .mZ)3f3f&3f 3f3fG3f-3f*3f3f3f=3f3fW3f"3f3fRMature DomainsTypically, a mature domain is the consequence of domain analysis (see next chapter) and especially experience from building ( handcrafting ) a set of applications in this domain. Mature domains are typically implemented with a particular architectural style, perhaps depending on the technical platform. Obviously, it is also possible that a larger community or a standards body gathers this experience and thus comes to a mature domain. This is what the OMG does with the core models It also considers the mappings to technologies to be mature domains (orthogonal to the core models). L}"3f3f#3f)3f'3f3f3f;3f/3f3f$3f3f3f3f<3f#  3f   3f  3f&  3f8  3fN4Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD    3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fSProduct Line EngineeringDomain Scoping Variability Analysis Domain Structuring Define common architecture Define Production Plan Define Building Blocks Components DSLs & Generators Production Processt8J083f3fJ3f3f03fTDomain AnalysisGoal: A domain model (aka metamodel) Scoping defines, what is part of the domain, and what is not (defines the range of possible products of the family) A common vocabulary defines the terms in which the domain can be described A result of this process is also the knowledge of whether the domain is mature, or not ( are there more commonalities than differences? ) The commonalities and the differences between different products in the domain have to be defined Variability Analysis~%uK{3f 3f3f3f 3f,3f83f3f3f3f73f3f2  3f%  3f3  3f  3f  3f"  3f>  3f 3f  3fUVariability AnalysisVariability analysis discovers the variable and fixed parts of a product in a domain. Parts can be Structural or behavioral Functional or non-functional (technical) Modularized or aspectual To define variable parts, we need to have a commonality base: a base platform, a common architecture There are two kinds of variability: positive variability: add something (optional) negative variability: removes something (essential) Positive variability leaves the concept intact, while netative variability does not. d[e$cV3fP3f[3f3f%3f3f'3f  3f 3f3fc3f3fV3fVFeature ModelingAs a consequence of the domain analysis and before defining a concrete metamodel, usually, a feature modelling phase makes sense to systematically define optional and mandatory features. A feature model describes the (sub-)features of a concept, subfeatures can be Mandatory Optional Alternative N of M A feature model can be multi-dimensional A graphical notation exists: feature diagrams N&)0]3f3fM3f3f3f)3f3f&3f  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f3f_Feature Modeling: DiagramsRequired Features 03f3f3fWExample Feature DiagramExample products: An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth: Robin DR-400 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic: ASW-27 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal: Airbus A320 3fP3f 3f@3f3f=3f 3f3f3f  3fY.Feature Diagrams cont d~They can contain constraints on the combinations of features They can define  names for specific combinations of features; feature groups Features can be open: additional subfeatures can be added Features can be incomplete: the subfeatures are not yet defined Multiplicity of subfeatures can be added And more... =N:@) 3f 3f!3f3f3f!3f3f3f3f3f%3f3f  3f   3f%  3f  3f3f 3f3f3f 3f@ZBinding Time AnalysistA feature diagram defines the common and variable parts of a system. It has to be determined when it needs to be decided if a specific (sub-) feature will be present in a specific product in the family. This is called binding time. Binding time has consequences on flexibility performance code size type safety and: on the technique used to implement the variable aspect !j]3f3fa3f3f3f3f 3f3f:3f3f3f3fu[Typical Binding Timestsource time: manual programming, template parameters, generators Compile time: function overloading, precompiler, template evaluation deployment/configuration time: component deployment (impl. for an interface), environment variables link time: DLLs, class loading run time: virtual functions, inheritance & polymorphism, factory-based instance creation, delegation AFdg 3f53f3f 3f93f3f3fF3f3f   3f  3f  3f   3f^  3fu\Binding Time Consequences]Relationship to MDAMDA does not define the process of how to come up with all these issues (domain analysis, variability analysis, etc.), although I think this is important! MDA also does not explicitly talk about binding times. However, it implicitly assumes that features are bound statically during subsequent model transformations. MDA is very code (and model) generation centered. Feature models can thus be used to model which feature will be fixed at which stage of the model-transformation sequence. R3f|3f3f3f)3f3f3f%3f03f(3f5Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f^Metamodelling definedMetamodelling denotes the definition of models for models. Analogies: If models are a language, the metamodels are the language s syntax and semantics If models are considered objects, then the metamodel can be seen as the metaobjects/MOP Why metamodelling? Models become unambiguous if they are formally defined Models can become more succinct and more expressive if suitable metamodels are defined and used Model exchange and interpretation is only possible if they are based on a formal metamodel As in most cases, modelling uses the UML we will now focus on metamodelling using the UML. UML itself is defined in terms of a metamodel, called the MOF (Meta Object Facility). The MOF uses UML as its representation; [}3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f  3f3f3f 3f/3f"3f23f3f93f 3f>3f3f3f 3f   3f  3f  3fP  3fEModels and the MOFc More UML MOF dMore UML MOF II`UML Metamodelling: Stereotypescan change the meaning of a model element (eg. class with stereotype <<interface>> is an interface, not a class) Stereotyped classes can also have their own symbol in a diagram A model element can have at most one stereotype The meaning of a stereotype can be defined in terms of the MOF, e.g. using OCL constraints. (eg. the number of Attributes of a class can be required to be zero for a class with the <<interface>> stereotype) Currently, UML tools typically don t support the latter feature for custom stereotypes. However, model interpreters (or code generators) can enforce such constraints. q@0 3f3fZ3f3f"3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f  3f"  3f2  3f   3fV  3f  3f 3f"3fz3f3faa UML Metamodelling: Tagged Values!>Tagged Values are basically name-value pairs that can be assigned to a model element. Stereotypes can be used to define the allowed tags for a specific stereotyped element in the model. (eg. a component stereotyped EJB can be allowed to have the tagged value transaction with the values required, requiresNew, ...). V3f3f)3f3f3f3f83f 3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f3f3f?b"UML Metamodelling: OCL Constraints#The OCL (Object Constraint Language) is a textual, declarative language to define constraints on UML models. It is thus used to express concepts that cannot be expressed with graphical UML syntax. It provides invariants, preconditions and postconditions. OCL cannot just be used on ordinary UML                          ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z models, in can also be used on UML (MOF-) metamodels as they are expressed in UML, too. Thus, OCL can be used to constrain the semantics of metamodel elements, for example based on a stereotype. nX:k33f3f'3f3f3f53f3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3  3f*  3f#  3f  3f3f-3f%3f3feMetamodelling Examplef"Metamodelling Example: An instance#g"Another Metamodel (Simple Version)#3fh$Another Metamodel (Advanced Version)%3fc UML Profiles UML profiles are basically extensions/adaptations of UML for specific domains. Profiles use the previously introduced UML extension mechanisms: Stereotypes Tagged Values OCL constraints UML profiles can be specific to an architectural style, a technology, a business domain, or a project. Examples are Distributed Enterprise Systems Realtime Systems Business Process Modelling ...OA*uO3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f3f*3f  3f 3fU3fO3f dMetamodeling and the MOF Layers Metamodelling happens on the M2 Metamodel level of the 4 layer MOF. As Models (M1) are instances of the metamodel (M2) changes to the metamodel will change the semantics of the instances of this metamodel (i.e. the model itself)J3f 3fU3f3fU3fKModel TransformationsModel transformations are based on rules. These rules map constructs in the source model to constructs in the target model. Transformations are obviously defined in terms of the metamodel. |B 3f3fT3f3f3f$3f3f eAnnotated ModelsrIn some situations, the information in the source model is not specific enough to allow the transformation to the target model for example the target metamodel allows several representations of a construct in the source metamodel. In this case, the source model needs to be annotated with information that allows the transformer to decide which alternative to choose. i +3f$3f03fi3f3f+3f 3f13f$3f3fsfAnnotated Models IIAn interesting question is what kind of annotations we use. If we use concepts from the target metamodel, the annotated source model is not platform-independent anymore. If we use concepts not represented in the target metamodel, we might not have gained anything because we still don t know how to do the transformation. Pragmatically, the question can be answered as follows: Whenever possible, try to avoid the need for annotations by extending the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide what to do. Define these extensions with concepts of the problem domain. If this is not feasible, annotate with concepts from the target metamodel and accept the fact that you have sacrificed platform independence to some extent. P<8t  3f3f 3f 3f"3fL3f13f]3f3f8  3f3f3f3f3f3f03fT3f3f3fgModel Transformation Example0The following example is taken from the OMG s MDA documentation. We start with a PIM, basically the analysis model. We already use EDOC stereotypes. AU  (3f3f3f3f3f3f03f3f3f  3fh'Model Transformation Example II: CORBA (We select CORBA as the target environment. Based on the metamodels, the mapping automatically produces the following PSM: Note that this PSM can now be refined even further, exploiting the features of a specific ORB. ~ 3f3fg3f3f(3f3f-3f3fi)Model Transformation Example III: Mapping*SThe mapping rules on the metamodel can be specified along the following lines. O 3f3f,3f3f3f3f  3fTj*Model Transformation Example IV: Notations+There are several alternatives for notations defining the mapping rules. UML 2.0 will provide support for these kinds of things. You can use UML diagrams, OCL constraints and action statements. There are tools that allow textual specifications along the lines presented on the former slide. (See later TENA example). You can also use XSLT to work directly on XMI files. But you don t want to do this J See also the code generation slides for more examples. `Jy{U8 3f#3f3f3fD3f 3f)3f3f3f3fI3f3f  3f"  3f  3f 3f  3f  3f8  3fk,Model Transformation Example V: The IDL Code-The next step is another mapping, that produces an  IDL Model . This can now be implemented in the traditional way. 3fl,Model Transformation Example VI: Annotations-We could similarly map this to EJB, refining it further to a specific J2EE server. The EJB mapping is a typical case for annotations because there are two primary ways of how to represent a business entitiy using EJB. We could use Entity Beans to represent entities, Or use the Type Manager pattern Using traditional annotations, we could create an annotated source model that contains a flag that indicates which option to use. We could use an UML tagged value for this. 8SD3f3f13f3f3f3fc3f 3f"3f 3f3f  3f3  3f  3fh  3f3f3fn-Model Transformation Example VII: Extended MM.The better solution would be to enhance the source metamodel with concepts that allow the transformer to decide which option to use. In this case, the decision is based on a couple of criteria, such as Is the entity write-accessed concurrently Do we have bulk-read accesses Is there batch access to the entities Now we have no EJB-specific information in the source model, and we do not need a annotated model. Eqc 3f3fI3f3f3f)3f 3f3f3f 3f3f 3f 3f3f  3f 3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f6Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fpUML 2.0UML 2.0 is currently in the process of standardization. A release is expected in mid to late 2003. UML 2.0 provides improvement in the following areas: UML Superstructure (i.e. language definition based on MOF, semantic clarifications) Component Based Development (e.g. ports and connectors) Behavioral Specification (extendes sequence diagrams, action semantics, OCL) Metamodelling (i.e. stereotypes, profiles, ...) Diagram interchange (i.e. XMI) The primary goal of UML 2.0 is to make it more formal so that it is suited for the unambiguous specification of complete software systems, including behaviour. We will introduce some of the features, focussing on those that are important in the context of MDD and MDA.  cZZ5Z(ZZZZoZ Z Z3f!3f-3f3f3f 3f3f3fB3f3f3f3f53f 3f#3f3f 3f  3fS  3f   3f  3f*  3f  3f3fD3f 3f 3f3f3fq UML 2.0: CBD HComponents can now be displayed with provided and required interfaces. This shows how components can be  wired  the primary means of component reuse. QQ  %3f3f3f3f 3f3f)3f3f  3f rUML 2.0: CBD IIComponents can now have so-called ports, basically collections of related operations that are part of one or several interfaces. It is also possible to hierarchically decompose the internal structure of a class/component.   #3f3f 3f"3fG3f3f-3f3f3f%s'UML 2.0: Behaviour I: Sequence Diagrams(pSequence Diagrams now have conditionals, loops and  calls to other sequences. In general, UML 2.0 distinguishes now between the definition of behaviour and it s use (instances) d 3f"3fG3f'3f 3f3f(u'UML 2.0: Behaviour II: Action Semantics(Action semantics define the semantics of how to work with the atifacts defined in UML structure diagrams. Note that no syntax is defined, allowing for textual and graphical notations. Among other things, action semantics allow to Create and delete instances of artifacts Read and write attributes Call operations Iterate over collections (foreach, etc.) Instantiate associations (i.e. create and delete links) ... fjN.  3f+3f#3f3f 3f3f03f3f.3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f  3f-  3f   3f$  3f3f3f)vUML 2.0: Metamodelling SupportTUML 2.0 provides a notation to define profiles (i.e. extensions to standard UML). dS  3f3f$3f3f3fU+wUML 2.0: XMI ImprovementstXMI is short for XML Metadata Interchange provides a standard for exchanging MOF-based models. E.g. exchanging UML models among tools Feeding UML models to generators It has already been there before UML 2.0, however, it was ambiguously defined, so the  interchange was not realistic. UML 2.0 fills in the holes in pre-UML 2.0 XMI to make it really interoperable. It also provides XMI elements for the exchange of diagram layout data. _HwOG  3f3f 3f(3f3fH3f3f3f3fO3f  3f.  3f!  3f3f&3f!3f3f3f3f  3f7Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f;%The Role of Testing in SW Development&In all but very few cases, the correctness of software cannot be verified theoretically or formally. Thus the only way of verifying a system does what it should do is by testing it extensively. There are different kinds of things that can be tested: Ensuring that the software does what the developer wanted it to do Ensuring that what the developer programmed is actually what the system should do (i.e. what the customer wants) Ensuring that the system performs and scales adequately Ensuring that other non-functional properties work as specified (such as transactions, security, ...) Ensuring that the tools and technologies used in the implementation work together well We will now look at each of these in the context of MDD.  eZZ]ZZ8ZZZ9ZZ Z Z3f+3f3f3fE3f3f3f 3f3f3f  3f(  3fX  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f  3fJ  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f93f3f3f  3f= Unit Testing tEnsuring that the code does what the developer wants is called Unit Testing. Tools such as JUnit provide a framework to implement and repeatedly execute unit tests They are written by the developer as he develops his code. Typically, they test functionality, not nun-functional properties In the context of MDD, unit tests can be generated from models, too Tests for static properties can be generated directly from the model. For behavioral aspects, It should be a different model  because if tests are created from the same model as the implementation code, tests will always pass. Additional Testcases can also be generated from OCL expressions (invariants, as well as pre- and postconditions). When the code is generated, we can even embed OCL constraint evaluation into the generated code and check these at runtime. NZZZDZZ Z Z?3f 3f3f3f-3f3f3f/3f 3f 3f3f)  3f  3f  3f 3f3fQ3f3f3f3fZ3f83f3f3f3f;CUnit Testing Example9Consider the following model: This could result in the following code: A similar approach could be taken for the invariant in Person. In case of the invariant, it is easy to automatically create a set of unit tests that check ages like 0, 16, 78, 120, -1, 3.4 and see if the system behaves accurately.   3f3f3f3f(3f(3fX3f3f  3f:ERequirements TestingbHere we want to make sure that the system does what the customer (or the requirements) say. We use the same technical approach here as for unit testing. However, here the test cases are written by domain experts and not by the developer. If models are annotated with OCL constraints, they are significantly more rich that  typical requirements. A lot of test cases can be generated from these models. If we have a suitable, high-level modeling notation (such as a UML profile), the domain expert can even specify test models himself, or with some support by a technical person. Because of the domain-specific notation, developer/ customer communication about tests is simplified. ]g  #3f73f3f3f 3f3fF3f3f3f3f33f3f83f 3f3f3fM  3f6  3f/  3f  3f)3f"3f3f3f3fF#Performance and Scalability Testing$FThis kind of testing basically works by simulating a certain number of clients and then measuring response times and resource consumption. Running such tests always requires a setup of an environment similar to the production environment. This is typically done manually, although some deployment artifacts can be generated from models. The simulated clients can often be generated completely. The input is basically Which operations to call At which sequence and intervals In how many parallel threads or processes And where to store the timing measurements and in which format P(3f'3f 3f33f3f%3f?3f3f3fC3f3f3f!3f3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f3fGG+Performance and Scalability Testing Example,cA statechart can be used to specify this behaviour: Note that we do not care about errors and functional testing here. This is done in other test! This statechart can be code generated into a client. An additional (textual) specification defines how many parallel threads and processes we have. Tools for this task are also available outside MDD. \5_43f 3fL3f3f3f 3f3f3f#3f3f3f3f3f3f.3f(3f 3f4  3f3f3fd>!Testing non-functional properties"vIn contrast to functional unit tests, these kinds of tests cannot be run in a simplified testing environment, because non-functional problems only show up under realistic circumstances (many parallel users, database crashes, ...) Many kinds of tests can only be done manually, for example trying to  hack into a system to test its security. Some tests can be automated based on constraints, however. There is an example on the next page. pb  ;3f13fz3f3f3f3fC3f3f3f3f23f  3f3fJ*Testing non-functional properties: Example+GConsider the following model: While the constraint may look like a purely functional constraint, it is actually a non-functional constraint with regards to transactions in a real-world scenario. It can be verified in tests that run against the deployed system while power outages, database crashes, etc. are simulated. }  w3f63f3f3f%3f3f<3f3f  3fHLTools and Technology TestingBTools in this context are for example, Databases, Middleware, Application Servers, etc. Tools and Technology testing deals with questions such as whether the system delivers the expected performance and reliability when deployed using the tool. Many of these things can be tested automatically using unit or performance testing. There is an important additional aspect, though: Many problems with tools and technology arise from developers using the tool in a way different than anticipated. These kinds of errors are minimized if the code that uses the tools is generated. The generator  once correctly implemented  always uses the tools in the same, correct way. XU  3fS3f3f(3f 3f23f3f3f3f13f!3f3f3fo  3f2  3f  3f  3f3f3f3f?$Additional Tests: Model Verification%&In many cases it is possible to detect design errors already in the models. This step is called model verification. The most  extreme form is to interpret and simulate the whole model; this is however, not simple to achieve, although there are  UML VMs . However, it is easily possible to verify design constraints in the model before model transformation or code generation steps are done. Example: t 3f*3f3f3f3f3f3f&3fH3f3f"3f3f 3f3fA3f  3fjModel Verification Example  3fk'Additional Tests: Model Verification II(;This template is used to generate IDL code from the model: 0; ;3f3f<l(Additional Tests: Model Verification III)IMetaclass used in the generator, this has model verification code in it: JI *3f3f3f3fJN#Additional Tests: Generator Testing$Many if not all of the previous statements on testing were based on the assumption that the generator works fine. Of course, this has to be tested also! Over time, however, the generator will become a stable asset that works reliably. Or you can buy one and trust it .... Just as you trust C++/Java/etc. compilers. The effort to develop/adapt reliable generators is of course considerable. This goes back to the issue on reuse, software system families and economical aspects discussed earlier. r' H3f*3f3f 3f3f3f3f3f%3fF3f3f3f3f  3f  3f%  3f  3f!  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f  3f  3f3f8Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3fOTools: OverviewMany kinds of tools can be used in the context of model driven development: UML modelling tools Metamodelling environments (XMI) Repositories Code Generators Model verifiers There is also a large amount of tools that are  MDA certified . These range from completely integrated environments such as ArcStyler to simple code generators or technology specific generators (e.g. for J2EE). Lb 3f83fb3f3f3f3f3f3fPTools: Vendor Lock-in[Because a lot of issues are not yet standardized, it is hard to integrate tools. Open issues include: Some XMI aspects Specification of model transformation rules Code generation ... As a consequence, integrated MDD/MDA tooling is currently impossible to achieve without vendor lock-in. Alternatively, building/integrating your own tooling based on open source can be done, but requires compromises. Many tools are exemplified in the context of code generation (see other presentation). Build Tools are also important. UML tools (such as Rational XDE) also develop in the direction of supporting MDA.fQhq83f3f3fQ3f3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f  3f>  3f  3f  3f  3f  3f3f-3f3f3f 3ff3f\9Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f    $$3f((3fR Processes No piece of software can be developed without some kind of development process or methodology. Processes can be organized with respect to the sequence the software is developed and the amount of  ceremony used to do that, and the basic value system they use. Sequence: There are two main ways: sequential or iterative and incremental. Ceremony: there are processes that use a lot of it (so-called heavy-weight processes) and those that try to use as little as possible (light-weight processes). Value System: Some processes trust forms, rules, paper, etc., others try to put trust in people (typically the agile processes). `L ;3f"3f3f3f/3f#3f3f3f 3f 3f 3f3f#3f 3f3f3f3f  3f>  3f  3f3  3f  3f  3f3f#3f3f3f3f!3f3fxS)Processes: Examples and Characterizations*Waterfall: sequential, typically a lot of ceremony, trusts in the defined process. RUP: Iterative and Incremental, adaptable level of ceremony, trusts in organization, rules, and the process XP: Iterative and Incremental, low formal ceremony but well-defined rules; trusts people Agile processes in general try to adapt to changing requirements, value people more than process, try to travel lean (i.e. produce as little of paper as necessary) and don t trust too much in tools. A question typically raised is: Which processes do I use to do MDD? And more specifically: Can I do  Agile MDD ? SlYq 3fI3f3f3fh3f3f3fV3f3f+  3f  3f  3f   3fx  3f  3f 3f3f,3f3f3f3fVm$Agility and Model Driven Development%^Metamodels, Generators and MDD infrastructure can be iteratively and incrementally developed during the project. Agility considers code and testing very important. MDD simplifies testing and quickly, very quickly creates running code from models. The engineering, creative process that uses an agile approach is not used during the development of the products, but during the development of metamodels, generators and the production infrastructure (as with vehicle mass production). And by the way: You can also use an agile approach with 3GL compilers J ~qH .3f/3f3f3f73f3f 3f"3f 3f3f3f3fP3fW3f#3f3fF  3f 3f  3f3f3f0:Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview Mapping to MDA Economical Aspects Software System Families, Domain Analysis and Variability Analysis Metamodelling UML 2.0 Relevant Features MDD and Testing Tools MDD and Processes D3f3f3f3f3f3fD  3f  3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f  3f  3f$$3f((3f  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@t? " 33d@33 @`  n?" dd@   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PR    @ ` ` p>  >  0    # + (   f  0A?"c:`  s *B"2`  s *M"  6<  `  e-Klicken Sie, um das Titelformat zu bearbeiten..8  0  P0  pKlicken Sie, um die Formate des Vorlagentextes zu bearbeiten Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene Vierte Ebene Fnfte Ebene=    q`B  s *D>"`  0"` _ Real-Life MDA (2 .  0"F `i n g e n i e u r b r o f r s o f t w a r e t e c h n o l o g i e www.voelter.de.a 2R  a  0"M~ f 2003 Markus Vlter (2 ! 0"8^  Q. 2  " 6"  ">=  z - * -.  f # 0A/?"B  s *޽h ? ̙33 Vorlage  0 E(   E  6   a Real-Life MDA: Modellbasierte Java-Entwicklung Markus Vlter voelter@acm.org www.voelter.de b:3f<B BBBBB,B BB~:`  s *M"X  0A*? #H  0޽h ? ̙33r ߑ:ARO` :Sm